Publications

"“The Role of Religion in Society and Public Life in Light of the Personal Perspectives of Young Adults in Post-Communist Russia and Poland” in: "The Diversity Of Worldviews Among Young Adults: Contemporary (Non)Religiosity And Spirituality Through The Lens Of An International Mixed Method Study" (ed. Peter Nyn?s et al)"

"The article employs theoretical perspective of religious market to discuss the gap between the indicators of religious identification (69%) and indicators of engagement in religious practices (3%) in contemporary Russian society and the linked issue of insignificant influence of religiosity on population values and behavior according to mass surveys data. As the subsample of practicing Orthodox Christians demonstrates that religiosity has a very strong influence on values, marriages and reproductive behavior, rates of social diseases, etc. (I. Zabaev, E. Prutskova, D. Oreshina), the absence of religiosity effects in mass surveys data demands deeper investigation. Majority of studies interpret the gap between religious identification and participation in religious practices in the perspective of the secularization theory. We suggest reinterpretation of religious processes in Russia within the framework of the religious supply-side model. On the basis of the theory of religious economy (R. Stark, W. S. Bainbridge, R. Finke, L. Iannaccone, and others) we develop model of the religious market in the countries with religious monopoly. Depending on the average time spent on the confession, we model different evaluations of the religious market supply-side. Our analysis reveals that religious supply in Russia is significantly restricted by inaccessibility of given population of priests for regular participation in confession. The model of religious supply suggests the alternative to mainstream secularization discourse hypothesis for the explanation of the gap between Orthodox Christian identification and participation in confession and communion practices in contemporary Russia."

"Higher education is valued as one of the main sources of civic participation and social benefit. In spite of the significant growth in the number of students over the last 20 years, Russia is still considered to be a country with a low level of civic engagement. Our study aims to respond to this contradictory standing and to explain the causes of student civic engagement. The survey conducted in 10 state universities has shown a difference in civic engagement index values among students from 4 educational programmes. The results of linear regression models have shown that, in addition to the ‘pure teaching effect’, such factors as religiosity and social capital influence student civic engagement."

"his article presents a discussion of the economic ethics of contemporary Russian Orthodoxy, manifested in the practices of economic actors, and Orthodox economic ideology, drawing on the approach formulated by Max Weber in The Pro-testant Ethic. Orthodox ideology and economic ethics are analyzed using popular Orthodox literature (1990–2004), doctrinal texts on social and economic issues, as well as materials gathered in ethnographic expeditions between 1999–2004 to eight monasteries in various regions of the Russian Federation. Key aspects of the economic ideology include love for one’s neighbor and work as a means for self-sufficiency; the result of work is considered to be the gift of God. Key ca-tegories of economic ethics are obedience and humility. This article concludes in the framework of Weber’s approach, that such ethics of obedience and humility determine the attitude towards economic activities, which the Russian Orthodox Church generates among its followers."

"This article analyzes the economic ethics of modern Orthodox laity belonging to the Russian Orthodox Church. The article is based on an array of interviews with priests, and Orthodox laypersons (as well as non-believers and Catholics for comparison purposes). Data were collected via several projects from 2004 to 2014. Data (in-depth interviews from the recent projects 2012?2014 amount to 395) are analyzed by means of the grounded theory methods, including substantial and theoretical coding, theoretical sampling, and constant comparative method. Theories used include the concept of elective affinity between the motivation of economic activities and types of economic organization (Weber) and the typology of economic systems by K. Polanyi. This study attempts to show the elective affinity between the ethics of humility and the principle of economic integration known as reciprocity networks of mutual support of both churched and unchurched Russians, centered in the parishes and functioning on the basis of the logic of gift giving. Such a coupling of motivation and informal economy, invisible to the GDP, performs important functions in contemporary Russia which has a mix of economic types (such as generating of social capital or development of moral density and solidarity in local communities. They in it’s turn fulfill some economic functions — i.e. avoiding getting into the debt bondage or some others).The article deals with (the activated by humility ethics) reciprocity and its consequences for the community seeks to challenge the established view on Orthodox Christianity as an ‘unproductive’ culture, hindering economic development."

"In spite of the significant growth in the number of students over the last 20 years, Russia is still considered to be a country with a low level of civic engagement. Our study aims to respond to this contradictory standing and to explain the causes of student civic engagement. The survey conducted in 10 state HEIs has shown a difference in Civic Engagement Index values among students from four educational programmes. The results of linear regression models have shown that in addition to the ‘pure effect’ of the educational programme, such factors as religiosity and social capital influence student civic engagement."

"The article traces possible channels of influence of a religious factor on the formation of a specific Russian version of socialism. Using the logics of the M. Weber’s work “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”, I. Zabaev reveals the categories that played a dominating role in the people’s consciousness in the pre-revolutionary Russia. According to his conclusion, these categories were “obedience” and “resignation”. It was obedience and resignation that assured the salvation (main value in Orthodoxy) of an Orthodox person. In everyday life such orientations were easily transformed into the readiness to obey the “superior”. Once elaborated, they turned to be quite stable and, being separated from their religious roots, ensured a sort of asceticism on the secular path. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 179049: Politike dru?tvenog pam?enja i nacionalnog identiteta - regionalni i evropski aspekt]."

"What are the moral foundations of the growing consumer credit market in Russia? What is the way to preserve credit-based economic growth without falling into the traps of the debt crises? This book is composed of several articles relying on the empirical study of debt morality in Russia in 2014. It provides a theoretical framework for analyzing debt relationships with the gift exchange theory. We demonstrate that the main moral driver of overindebtedness in Russia is the ethics of individual responsibility and independence. Dense communities, such as Orthodox parishes, produce solidarity in responsibility, protect their members from impulse loans and promote sustained economic development."

"The collection contains a number of articles resulting from the research seminar “Sociology of Religion” at St. Tikhon’s Orthodox University. The selection of the studies covers a wide range of topics: religious socialization, influence of religion on the birth rate, impacts of a Church-affiliated university, social network of the Orthodox community, social capital of the parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church, social activities of the Church, impacts of religiosity on the normative and regulatory sphere, and some other topics. The studies presented in the book were made in 2011–2014. Most of the articles are based on empirical (qualitative and quantitative) data obtained from the projects of the Research Seminar “Sociology of Religion”. Some publications were prepared using the analysis of secondary data derived from international comparative studies. The book is addressed to a wide circle of readers interested in the problems of functioning of religion in the societies which had undergone forced secularization."

"This study is an attempt to apply the logic of  M.Weber study "Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism" to Russian economic realities analisys. The book describes the results of the sociological study at several Russian Orthodox Church monasteries conducted during 2003 - 2004. For the validation of the empirical data  was completed analysis of the popular  literature, issued by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1990 - 2004."

"The book describes the results of  the childbearing motivation study, based on the series of in-depth interviews with russian megapolises citizens of  reproductive age.  The project "Family and childbearing in Russia. Categories of parental mind" was conducted at St.Tikhon's Orthodox University in 2008-2009. The research is realized in the frame of grounded theory. Categories, used by actors in comprehention of childbearing and related issues, are the subject of discussion in the book.  Also authors formulate sociological hypothesis as a response to the explanations of childbearing, developed in demography and economic science."

"The book describes main findings of the study "Three Moscow parishes. Main socio-demographic characteristics and attitudes of the large parishes communities members".  The survey  was conducted on 14.10.2012 in three  large Moscow churches, distinctive (by expert evaluations) for their experienced clergy  and strong parish communities. In this study representatives of the Orthodox parish community are compared with the average Russians on the main social indicators and value scales, significant in the perspective of the State/country development."

"In the afterword to the third edition published more than twenty years after the initial publication of The Invisible Religion, Thomas Luckmann seeks to summarize and to clarify his position as described in his book. He argues against the idea of the decreasing importance of religion in modern society, and proposes a renewed understanding of religion that would not be confined to the intuitions of the Western world. Luckmann’s definition of religion is based on the notion of “transcendences”, which he divides into “small”, “middle”, and “great” categories. It is the experience of the “great” transcendence which leads everyday life away to another reality that plays a key role in the emergence of what is meant by religion. There is a certain order of signs that corresponds to the order of transcendences, and makes it possible to transfer the content of subjective experience of transcendence into intersubjective reality. Symbols appear to be a way of “great” transcendence appresentation, and ritual is considered as its implementation in a social action. By way of a specific set of communicative actions and with the use of symbolic and linguistic resources, subjective experience of transcendence is converted into an objective social structure, so that transcendence experiences become intersubjective and can now serve as a subject of discussion, modification and interpretation. In conclusion, Luckmann turns to the modern situation of religion, and characterizes it as the “privatization” of religion."

"In this article, we discuss religious supply in Russia. Evaluations of religious supply are based on the empirical study “50 Confessions”, conducted by the Sociology of Religion Research Laboratory in the fall of 2015. Consideration of religious supply provides us with new insights into explaining religious processes in contemporary Russia. Particularly, it suggests an alternative to the secularization theory explanation of the gap between religious affiliation (70% of respondents call themselves Orthodox Christians) and religious practice (3% of respondents receive communion regularly) for Russian Orthodox Christians. In this Article the religious supply model, developed on the basis of religious market theory (see the works of R. Stark, R. Finke, W. Bainbridge, L. Iannacone, and others), is briefly described. Then this model is applied to the evaluation of Russian religious supply, with the variable being the number of priests in Russia. For the estimation of our model’s parameters, empirical data from the “50 Confessions” study is used. The model allows us to evaluate religious supply limitations, and this challenges general assumptions on the secularized nature of religious processes in Russia."

"In the philosophy of Arendt and Levinas, one’s attention is drawn to the parallelism in the way they put forward the “concealment” / “interiority”, correlated with the “economy” that was originally understood, as opposed to the space where the meeting with the other(s) occurs. Similarity, however, ends where they specify what lies beyond the “economic” and who this other is. If for Arendt, existence outside the «economy» is one of the activity, for Levinas the true face-to-face relation is fundamentally different from any action. Key words: intersubjectivity, public sphere, economy, Arendt, Levinas."

"The article examines the relationship between religiosity and basic values in Russia. Basic values are measured by the Schwartz's Portrait Value Questionnaire. The analysis is based on the data of the European Social Survey conducted in 2012 and the Orthodox Monitor survey conducted in 2012 as well, which is a representative survey of churched Russian Orthodox Christians. Usually based on the results of mass surveys, the connection of basic values with religiosity in Russia is very weak. One possible reason is the use of inappopriate indicators to measure the degree of religiosity. One of the most important characteristics that distinguish churched Orthodox Christians is regular Communion, which presupposes quite serious preparation, fasting and Confession. People make an attempt to rethink their views, values, and change their behavior. If this happens with a certain regularity, then it can lead to a gradual change in basic values, conditioned by religiosity. Such working out the best of oneself may not occur if a person just attends religious services, but does not receive Communion. Churched Orthodox are much more committed to the values of Conservation and Self-Transcendence, and less to the values of Openness to change and Self-Enhancement. One of the unexpected results was the discovery of significant differences in the values of Universalism, in which the churched Orthodox Christians are noticeably ahead of the average Russians, while in most previous studies the relationship of religiosity to the values of Universalism was either negative or absent, and only rarely was weak positive. Also, despite the general low commitment to the values of Openness to change, the differences are due to the great rejection of the values of Hedonism and Stimulation, while the values of Self Direction differ from the average Russians only slightly."

"There are many approaches to religiosity measurement in sociology of religion, but most of the methodological literature is devoted only to the first step of operationalization of this concept — defining the aspects of religiosity and choosing the indicators for each of these aspects. At the same time almost no attention is paid to the inverse operation — the construction of the generalized measure of religiosity based on the operationalization developed. We consider three basic approaches to this problem and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. The first approach is using individual indicators. It allows minimizing the loss of information about the respondent’s answers, but it lacks generalizability and doesn’t allow for comparison of religiosity effects if religiosity is measured with different indicators. The second approach is construction of a generalized measure of religiosity on the basis of several indicators using summation, averaging, the principles of the strongest or the weakest response, and Factor Analysis. An advantage of this approach is that it produces a religiosity scale of at least ordinal measurement level. But one of the problems that emerge when we try to apply Factor Analysis is that it implies a measurement model with reflective (effect) indicators while the theory rather favors the formative measurement model. The principle of the strongest response overestimates the number of highly religious people while the opposite — the principle of weakest response — underestimates it. The third approach is the construction of a typology on the basis of several indicators with relatively homogeneous religiosity groups using Cluster Analysis or Latent Class Analysis. The advantage of this approach is that it doesn’t imply unidimensionality of religiosity phenomena and tries to find types that actually exist in the data. We come to the conclusion that in current situation, characterized by the plurality of social forms of religiosity, it would be most productive to use the latter approach. Further, we develop a typology of Russian Orthodox Christians based on the data of the Orthodox Monitor survey (2011) using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. The typology is based on four indicators: believing in God, frequency of Church attendance, frequency of attendance at religious services, and frequency of Confession and Communion."

"Usually religion is placed at the center of Emile Durkheim’ theory as it performs the function of solidarity production and maintenance within a community. However, this way of perception of durkheimian conception gets useless regarding present reality because today religion hardly remains the common element of the social life for individuals living together. In «Elementary forms of religious life...» (1912). Durkheim quite superficially touches upon the topic of solidarity in contemporary society, but the reader has every reason to believe that durkheimian theory implies the upgrade of the fundamental bases and solidarity mechanisms. This article proposes to rebuild durkheimian social theory in order to demonstrate the continuity between religion and morality, as Durkheim supposes. Key to successful shift in emphasis from religion to morality is a return to the very key category of «sacred». Sacred is viewed as an integral part of the religious system which is true, but not comprehensive. The interpretation of «sacred» via «religious» overshadows an important fact, that the first one is a generator for the latter. This weighty remark allows us to take the next step and say that just as for religious system of representations, sacred becomes the basis of morality. Here and now the author undertakes an attempt to release the category of «sacred» from a strict religious interpretation, traces the line of functional continuity between religion and morality and reveals a new perspective on the mechanisms of solidarity in contemporary society."

"The author analyzes different approaches towards evaluating the number of Roman Catholic and Protestant priests in the USA and in the Church of England. He considers the three narratives in the framework of which the problem under investigation has been posed: the “demography of the priesthood”, the “priest labor market” and the “territorial distribution of the clergy”. Schoenherr’s model (1993) is built upon the “organizational demography” approaches as well as upon the theory of rational choice and asks the question about what is going to happen to the population of the Catholic priests in the US in the nearest twenty years. Demographic tendencies for a long time prevalent lead to substantial changes in the overall structure of the population. The singling out of such tendencies and the determining factors behind them is extremely important for organizational planning. American Protestant denominations have toward the end of the 20th century found themselves in the situation of redundancy of priests. The research authored by Carroll (1980) is based upon the logic of the labor market and considers the interrelation between three values: number of the members of a Church; number of priests; number of churches. These values reflect the offer and demand dynamics in the priest labor market. The researcher calculates the number of payments necessary to ensure the receiving of constant salary by a priest. He analyzes the factors determining the offer and demand interrelation in the labor market. The research poses the question about the functions exercised by a priest. Still another tendency in the research on the number of priests exists in the Church of England; this tendency is connected with the issue of optimum territorial distribution of priests. The key research work here is the so-called “Paul report” (1964) which establishes the dependence of involvement in religious practices on the three following factors: number of those with full or part-time occupation in the sphere of pastoral activities; number of inhabitants of a given territory; number of churches in a given territory. The article points at the absence in the Christian discourse of normative criteria which could allow to determine the number of priests. The author also investigates how the number of priests influences the religious situation in a country as well as various processes in other social spheres (economy, politics, demography, etc.)."

"This article is an overview of family policy through the lens of relational sociology developed by an Italian philosopher and sociologist P. Donati in the end of XX c. According to him, the aim of family policy is to create conditions, which help family to realize its own possibilities maximally and to perform its functions, i.e. to create the essential base for the full formation of the Self. P. Donati claims that the lack of understanding of the essence and tasks of the family is the main cause of modern family policy's crisis in Europe. He analyzes three socio-political models (liberal, corporative and socialistic) from the family policy point of view and shows that within these models, no family policy is possible. Thus, P. Donati proposes his own model, which he calls “relational”. In this model, the subsidiarity is the main principle of family policy."

"The article suggests sociological analysis of the social relationships in the parish as a factor which promotes parish social work development. Basing on the empirical data, in the fi rst part of the analysis we trace the connection between the type of priests and laity social relationship in the parish and the quantitative indicators of parish social work development. These indicators are the number of non–liturgical activities in the parish, the number of people involved into parish social activities, and the number of organizations the parish has contacts with. In the Second part of the article, we present the description of the parish prior (head of a parish) styles of working with people in the relation of these styles to the formation of diff erent types of priests–laity cooperation and promotion of the corresponding types of social work in the parish."

"This paper discusses factors how morally dense communities regulate the consumer debt of their members by enacting both financial and non-financial mechanisms. We rely on the gift exchange theory to demonstrate how communities with high social density morally regulate consumer behavior of their members. We use the data gathered during an empirical study of economic activities of the members of Orthodox parishes in four Russian cities and suggest the four-stage model of the influence of community on the motivation and behavior of potential borrowers. The four elements, in the order of importance, are regulation of wants, non-financial mechanisms of satisfaction of wants, gratuitous financial aid, and distributed solidary responsibility for consumer credit. In contrast to atomized individuals who act upon the moral principles of preserving independence and relying only on themselves, members of parishes are governed by different moral imperatives: they are encouraged to ask for help and to suggest it to others. This paper demonstrates that communities can operate as agents of natural social control over consumer credit by both inducing deliberation on financial decisions and distributing the risks associated with consumer borrowing."

"The significance of debt relations is constantly growing in the present-day world, so do economic problems related to debt. Credit relationships on market are usually treated as morally neutral despite the fact that debt generates a number of moral contradictions. This paper suggests an understanding of debt that draws on the anthropological theory of gift. It enables to expose the moral content of the utilitarian market exchange as compared to gift exchange and to differentiate between various forms of debt. This approach is used for analyzing consumer credit and for demonstrating that debtor’s behavior is paradoxically determined by striving to avoid the moral obligations of debt. The main moral imperatives are indicated that govern consumer credit — independence and necessity, calculativeness and quantification. This article demonstrates that making the borrower responsible for growing debt makes credit burden increasing rather than restraints it. "

"Sociological research of parish communities (congregations) indicates the significant role of congregations in the processes of religious and nonreligious life, social policy and civil society. Congregations can be either a direct object for sociological studies, or researchers focus on the social functions of parish communities (their role in social services provision, social capital formation, or their effect on individual well-being, etc.). At the same time, congregation as a specific corporate social actor generally is not considered as a distinct theme for theoretical and methodological reflections in sociological literature. This paper contains an analytical review of the main approaches to the “parish community” conceptualization within key contexts of parish communities’ (congregations) studies in sociology. A classification of research contexts for parish communities studies which is introduced in the article, provides the map of key themes in sociological studies of parish communities and gives an idea on the scope and limits of the parish community conceptualizations, currently used in sociology."

"We approach higher education as a source of not only private good but also public one. An analysis of oeuvres was aimed at differentiating between formal and substantive meanings of the term “university responsibility”. Substantive meaning of responsibility appeals to criteria beyond knowledge, appreciates the crucial importance of education effects in various aspects of life, and derives from the very fact of interdependence between the university and the society. We believe that importance of university as an institution forming the society may specifically be put into question in Russia, where the high level of education coexists weirdly with the high level of social hardship. An online questionnaire was completed by more than one third of graduates of a Russian confessional (Orthodox) university residing in more than 100 localities of Russia, former Soviet Republics, and other foreign countries. The data on graduates’ shared values and attitudes obtained in the survey was compared to results of national and international surveys on family issues, civic engagement, values, employment, social capital, and consumption practices. Based on this comparison, we suggest that philosophies and attitudes of Orthodox university graduates have many common points that set them aside from the other population of Russia: they are committed to family and civic values, have a strong attitude of service, and participate in social activities to help people in need. Standardized indices of social capital in the sample of Orthodox university graduates are three times higher than those in the national sample of all higher education graduates. We propose to raise a critical discussion of the role of religion in higher education and to dwell specifically on issues of validity of theology as a scientific discipline, effects of bringing religion to high school, and the problem of confessional universities."

"Religion contains a set of attitudes, norms and values that are transmitted in the course of socialization. Religious socialization is a process of interaction in which religious norms and values are transmitted from one generation to another, from group members to newcomers. The article discusses the problem of conceptualization of religious socialization and its application in the analysis of sociological data on micro- and macro- level. "

"The article examines the influence of religion on social capital formation in Russia. The study suggests that active involvement of the parishes in the organization of social work, based on the principles of delegation of power and authority from priests to the laity, increases the parish social networks, attaching more lay people to it, including those who are "unchurched". The data for the article come from the research projects conducted in 2011 – 2013 at the "Sociology of Religion" Research Seminar, St. Tikhon’s Orthodox University: a mass survey of parishioners of 12 Russian Orthodox Church parishes, located in different types of settlement and in different regions of Russia (the total sample size is 985 respondents); in-depth interviews with parishioners and priests at 15 Russian Orthodox Church parishes (153 interviews altogether); and the first wave of a nationwide survey "OrthodoxMonitor" (national representative sample of 1500 respondents)"

"The article discusses factors which determine cross-cultural differences in the strength of relationship between religiosity and its consequences in the sphere of norms and values. Analysis is based on the data of European Values Study (2008). The role of primary religious socialization as an important characteristic of social environment, which determines the nature of this relationship, is examined. The thesis of the importance of religious congruence phenomenon is substantiated."

"The article discusses the bases for the Orthodox parish community concept construction and operationalization, and analyzes the factors contributing to community development. This article is based on the results of the “Russian Orthodox Church social work organization at Moscow parishes” study completed by the “Sociology of Religion” research project team at St.Tikhon’s Orthodox University. The study includes a quantitative survey of priors, priests, parishioners, and social workers of Moscow parishes. Parish size and location, as well as the clergy characteristics and leadership style are emphasized as the main factors contributing to the opportunities of building a “strong” parish community."

"He article deals with the question that is the important for the understanding both the current state of science and education and the history. The author explains the problem of the theology’s place in the system of a scientific knowledge by giving the materials of the discussion at the Office preceding the All-Russia Church Local Council in 1906. He investigates the discussion and detects the systematic point of view."

"Despite the standpoint that postulates the presence of a tight boundary between the state and the church in the area of education and that currently dominates in the public space, there are projects that are being initiated and realized today and that let us question its consistency. The aim of the article is to discuss these “impossible” projects exploiting the friction at the overlap. This article draws on participant observation fieldnotes, as well as 24 in-depth interviews with the staff, students, and graduates of a private Orthodox Christian University, conducted in 2011. In interpreting the research results, the author employs the principle of explaining the entrepreneurial exploitation of uncertainty, which was introduced by David Stark who expounded on the notion of heterarchy as an organizational form conducive to the productive untangling of complex situations."

"The article presents a review of various ways to operationalize the concept of religiosity in quantitative research. The author describes the main stages in the development of quantitative approach to the study of religiosity, and then explores operationalization methods used within four major comparative surveys — International Social Survey Program, European Values Study, World Values Survey, and European Social Survey."

"The article covers fatherhood as a determinant of procreative behavior. Based on in-depth face-to-face interviews, our research was aimed to explore the subjective experience of male as procreative beings. One of the hypotheses is that male's responsibility estrangement prevents them from a decision making and family planning for two or more children."

"The results of research of organizational changes in Russian universities based on quality of education are represented in the article. Typical consequences of introduction of an idea of quality management on organizational structure level are shown in series of interviews with top-management of six state universities. Negative expectations concerning implementation of quality management systems is followed by localization of this idea inside separate university subdivisions and ceremonial organizational restructuring."

"The article analyzes the effects of introducing the institute of ranking into the higher education system. The function of ratings is to remedy market failures, to create incentives for competition, and for the efficient choice of education institution by customers. However, the research of the last decade dealing with the influence of ratings on the behavior of universities shows that ratings gained symbolic power in the education service market, by which they provide advantages to certain institutions to the detriment of others. That has created a lack of trusts to ratings and even their boycott by a number of institutions. The consideration of university rankings as a social comparison practice can elucidate the mechanism of influence of ratings on the behavior of universities."

"The article traces possible channels of influence of a religious factor on the formation of a specific Russian version of socialism. Using the logics of the M.Weber’s work “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”, author reveals the categories that played a dominating role in the people’s consciousness in the pre-revolutionary Russia. According to his conclusion, these categories were “obedience” and “resignation”. It was obedience and resignation that assured the salvation (main value in Orthodoxy) of an Orthodox person. In everyday life such orientations were easily transformed into the readiness to obey the “superior”. Once elaborated, they turned to be quite stable and, being separated from their religious roots, ensured a sort of asceticism on the secular path."

"The article describes and analyzes critical arguments aimed at falsifi cation of the famous hypothesis of M. Weber about the possible infl uence of Protestant ethics on the development of western capitalism. The key theses of the second generation of critics (dated 1930–1960) are presented in the paper. All the main counterarguments to this hypothesis were formulated during this period. The paper also indicates the main points of weberian argument due to which the supporters of the theory still manage to advocate the hypothesis."

"Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2017"

"The text contains review of the main sociological approaches to the research of faith-based social work in congregational studies. Review refers mainly to American publications, British studies are covered less. The issue of congregational/faith-based social work became especially popular within congregational studies in USA due to certain political and institutional context, which stress the social role of congregations in America. The text consists of two parts and the appendix. The first part contains review of empirical congregational research, which regards congregational social work in some way. The second part covers the research, which studies congregations primarily as welfare providers. The appendix contains some approaches to the faith-based social work classification and typologization. Approaches to the research of congregational social work, classification of social programs and typology of faith-based organizations presented in the text can be regarded as a source for creating methodology for parish communities social work studies in Russia. "

"In the second part of the XX century in Germany increased interest in empirical research of Protestantism. In this field works sociologists and theologians. From 1972 till 2002 took place 4 survey on membership in German Evangelical Church (EKD). Surveys were organized by EKD and based on modern sociological theories. In this working paper we will discuss the history of surveys. We will separately consider research scheme of fourth survey and it’s questionnaire."

"The goal of the text is to provide a “big picture” of homeless people support in Russia. Based on survey held in organizations working with homeless people in Russia in 2011 the author describes main actors, compares state and non-state organizations, develops types of homeless people support. State organizations basically provide locally based hard-to-access complex support. Two other types of support – the one aimed at homeless people return to family, and another - minimum support for vulnerable people, are provided mostly by non-state actors. The text touches the question of religion influence on homeless people support both in direct way (significant share of organizations helping the homeless are religious in Russia) and indirectly (through interaction with religious organizations)."

"The review deals with the concept of social network and its components: the actor characterized by attributes and relations / connections between actors. Based on empirical examples the review addresses two main research directions in social networks analysis: social network theory construction and the usage of social network analysis concepts / tools to study the effects of some interest to the researcher, which may also be of two types: analysis of network effects and analysis of impact of certain phenomena on network characteristics."

"This working paper was made for the series of theoretical surveys «Problems of Church Communities Development. International Practice» for the St. Tikhon’s Orthodox University research project «Sociology of Religion». This work focuses on H. Lindner’s conception of the church community. We also try to estimate the influence of U. Beck’s «risk society», G. Schulze’s milieu theory and N. Luhmann’s organizational theory on H. Lindner."

"«Catholic Parish in the 2nd part of XX Century: Parish Community Factors» is second review in the series of theoretical surveys «Problems of Church Communities Development. International Practice» for the St. Tikhon Orthodox University research project «Sociology of Religion» . General focus of these theoretical surveys is Christian communities’ development factors in different cultures and countries. In the 2nd part of XX Century parish community becomes an issue of high importance both for Catholics and social researchers. This review focuses on community-like characteristics and how modern Catholic parishes meet them in their everyday parish life. How it’s possible to create a community in modern parish and what kind of a community it will be? What kind of role catholic parish may play in individual catholic life and society after the Second World War and Vatican-II?"

"Catholic Parish Applied Research in the USA on the Eve of The Second Vatican Council” is the third review in the series of theoretical surveys “Problems of Church Communities Development. International Practice” for the research project “Sociology of Religion” at St.Tikhons Orthodox University. General focus of these theoretical surveys is Christian communities’ development factors in different cultures and countries and methodological aspects of Christian communities research. Early sociological parish researches in USA were being made in the situation of Catholic hierarchs misunderstanding and even sometimes resistance to the social science penetration to the sphere of the sacred. This review considers the researches of J.Schuyler and J.Ficher, who is known to be a classic of American parish sociology. Both J.Fichter and J.Schuyler in their works discuss problems, which are topical for contemporary church communities / congregation researches, for example: what kind of groups of Catholics (in relation to their involvement into worship and social parish life) are represented in the city parish? what is the ratio of different categories of believers in the parish? to what extent communication, collaboration and mutual support of parishioners are developed? "

"«Small Christian Communities in the 2nd part of XX Century» is a first review in the series of theoretical surveys «Problems of Church Communities Development. International Practice» for the St. Tikhon Orthodox University research project «Sociology of Religion». General focus of these theoretical surveys is Christian communities’ development factors in different cultures and countries. The present review explores the noticeable Catholic movement of the 2nd part of the XX century, aimed at Church renewal, covered all the catholic world after the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965). This movement is small Catholic/church communities, emerged as inside Catholic parishes as outside the official church institutions."

"This review was prepared as a part of the St.Tikhons Orthodox University research project "Sociology of Religion". The purpose of the text is to generate guidelines for cataloguing quantative religion research projects, data of which is available via the Internet and free for use. In the review we develop a classification of Internet resources (portals, databases and data archives of quantative research) and introduce a basic set of fields for a quantative religion  research database."

"This review was prepared as a part of the St.Tikhons Orthodox University research project «Sociology of Religion». The purpose of the text is to identify the main ways to operationalize the concept of «religiosity» in quantitative research. In the first part of the text we look at the main stages in the development of quantitative approaches to the study of religiosity, then we compare the operationalization methods used within two international surveys – International Social Survey Program (2008) and European Social Survey (2008)."

"The paper deals with problems of Pentecostalism development. The impact of it’s economic ethic and social organization on the well-being of its following is analyzed. Text concerns main hypotheses about the scale, specificity, possible directions of the impact. Main attention is given to the works of British sociologist D. Martin. The problem of a weberian logic from “Protestant ethic…” application to the problems mentioned is also reviewed."

"This text discusses a range of problems which arise when attempts to develop the methodology of Orthodox Church social work are made. The paper is based on empirical data of the pilot study “Models of church social work organization at Moscow parishes (2010)”. This research is a part of St.Tikhons Orthodox University project “Sociology of religion”. Through the pilot study in 2010 32 in-depth interviews with priests and parishioners at Moscow parishes were made, 441 questionnaires were filled up by parish priests and parish social workers."

"This list is based on the Russian State Library electronic catalogue, section "Dissertations" (http://diss.rsl.ru). Search and selection of the papers was completed on November 5 - 7, 2010. At that period the catalogue of dissertations in sociology included of 9089 papers. The following list consists of papers, relevant for the sociology of religion."

"The bibliography was completed in November 2010. Search of the publications was based on the following keywords: religion,  religiosity,  worship,  confession,  Orthodox / Orthodoxity, social work / social work of the church, the church and nonprofit organisations, church and State, sacred, secular / secularization, sect, church, denomination, congregation, ROC, Islam, Orthodox Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, NRM, parish, synagogue, Ummah, Mosque, Christianity, spirituality, Vatican,  ceremony,  ritual, fasting, vow, monastery, nun, occultism, mysticism, magic."